Risk Factor Profile of Children With Cerebral Palsy at Sambang Lihum Psychiatric Hospital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19166/med.v15i3.11620Keywords:
cerebral palsy, child, low birth weight, prematurity, risk factorsAbstract
Background:
Cerebral palsy is a common childhood motor disorder caused by non-progressive disturbances in the developing brain. Local descriptions of risk factors are needed to support prevention, early detection, and rehabilitation planning.
Methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Sambang Lihum Psychiatric Hospital from 1-31 March 2025. Fourteen children with cerebral palsy who underwent therapy or care during the study period were included. Data were obtained from medical records and parent or guardian interviews using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed descriptively.
Result:
Most children were aged 1-5 years (8/14; 57.2%). Maternal age during pregnancy was mostly 18-35 years (10/14; 71.4%). Nine children (64.3%) were born at <=37 weeks of gestation, and six (42.9%) had birth weight <2500 g. Most children had no history of head trauma (78.6%), febrile seizure (57.1%), or brain infection (92.9%).
Conclusions:
The most prominent risk factors identified in this sample were prematurity and low birth weight. Strengthening antenatal monitoring, neonatal care, and early rehabilitation remains important for children at risk of cerebral palsy.
References
1. Soetjiningsih. Tumbuh Kembang Anak. Ranuh IGNG, editor. Jakarta: EGC; 2014. p. 1-36.
2. Dan B, Mayston M, Paneth N, Rosenbloom L, editors. Cerebral palsy: science and clinical practice. London: Mac Keith Press; 2014. p. 3-13.
3. Smigelski GD. Cerebral palsy: current concepts and a glimpse into the future. JAAPA. 2025;38(3):30-35. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000000000000178.
4. Chusid JG. Neuroanatomi Korelatif dan Neurologi Fungsional. Hartono A, editor. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Essentia Medica; 1983. p. 516-520.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Causes and risk factors of cerebral palsy. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/cp/causes.html.
6. Selekta MC. Cerebral palsy tipe spastik quadriplegi pada anak usia 5 tahun. Majority. 2018;7(3).
7. Krigger KW. Cerebral palsy: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73(1). Available from: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0101/p91.
8. Febrianto D. Pengaruh predictive factor terhadap outcome SEMLS pada cerebral palsy spastic diplegic di RS Orthopedi Prof. Dr. dr. R. Soeharso Surakarta [thesis]. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret; 2017. p. 6-30.
9. Putri AW, Pratitis A, Luthfiya L, Wahyuni S, Tarmali A. Faktor ibu terhadap kejadian bayi BBLR. HIGEA Journal of Public Health Research and Development. 2019;3:56.
10. Aini ZM, Saimin J. Hubungan infeksi TORCH pada kehamilan dengan kejadian kongenital pada bayi baru lahir. Medula. 2017;4:344-345.
11. Rohani S, Wahyuni R. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian ikterus pada neonatus. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan. 2017;1:78-79.
12. Hamid A. Cerebral palsy. Medscape. 2018. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1179555overview#aw2aab6b2b4aa.
13. Utomo AH. Cerebral palsy tipe spastic diplegy pada anak usia dua tahun. Medula. 2013;1(4):25-34.
14. Moster D, Qilcox A, Vollset S, Markestad T, Lie R. Cerebral palsy among term and postterm births. PubMed. 2010.
15. Bernstein D, Shelov SP. Gangguan perkembangan. In: Kusuma R, Dinata F, Sekartiwi A, Astrid EY, editors. Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. 3rd ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2016. p. 241-242.
16. Bagian/SMF Neurologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana. Modul Neurologi Anak. Denpasar: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana/RSUP Sanglah; 2016.
17. Ismael S, Sastoatmoro S. Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. 5th ed. Seto S, editor. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2014. p. 13-17.
18. Sopiyudin DM. Besar Sampel Dalam Penelitian Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. 4th ed. Jakarta: Epidemiologi Indonesia; 2016. p. 2-6.
19. Sitorus FSAB, Mogi TI, Gessal J. Prevalensi anak cerebral palsy di instalasi rehabilitasi medik RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jurnal Kedokteran Klinik. 2016;1(1):14-19.
20. Indrasmi H. Faktor-faktor risiko terjadinya cerebral palsy [undergraduate thesis]. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga; 2006.
21. Katiandagho N, Kusmiyati. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian asfiksia neonatorum. Jurnal Ilmiah Bidan. 2015;3(2).
22. Nelson KB, Blair E. Prenatal factors in singletons with cerebral palsy born at or near term. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(10):948.
23. Saputro SD. Hubungan antara berat badan lahir rendah dengan asfiksia neonatorum [undergraduate thesis]. Surakarta: Universitas Muhamadiyah Surakarta; 2015.
24. Smilga AS, Garfinkle J, Ng P, Anderson J, Buckley D, Fehlings D, et al. Neonatal infection in children with cerebral palsy: a registry-based cohort study. Pediatr Neurol. 2017;11:6.
25. Puspita AI. Faktor prognostik munculnya palsi serebral pada anak dengan riwayat kejang neonatal [undergraduate thesis]. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro; 2014.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Adelia Hanny Tiara, Wahyu Bagus Handoko, Bambang Dwiputranto, Haerati Haerati, Ramadiana Ramadiana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website). The final published PDF should be used and bibliographic details that credit the publication in this journal should be included.
