The Fourth Lateran Council as the Main Agenda for the Preparation of the Fifth Crusade

Okky Chandra

doi:10.19166/dil.v2i1.2201

Συγγραφείς

Okky Chandra GKY Jemaat Greenvile, Indonesia; PhD Student at University of Edinburgh, Scotland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19166/dil.v2i1.2201

Λέξεις-κλειδιά:

Medieval theology, Crusade, Lateran Council

Περίληψη

The Latin Church in medieval time regarded crusades as holy wars against paganism and heretics. Pope Innocent III was one of the church leaders who strongly believed that Christians need to regain the Holy Land. After initiating the Fourth Crusade and was disappointed by the failure of the crusaders, Innocent III organised the Fourth Lateran Council for the main purpose of launching the Fifth Crusade. While some scholars maintained that the reform of universal church was one of the main agenda of the Council, this paper shows that it was ancillary to the preparation of all elements within the Church for the next Crusade.

Αναφορές

Binns, L. Elliott. Innocent III. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1968.

Gibbs, Marion and Jane Lang, Bishops and Reform 1215-1272: with special reference to the Lateran Council of 1215. London, England: Oxford University Press, 1934.

Jaspert, Nikolas. The Crusades, Translated by Phyllis G. Jestice. New York and London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

Lock, Peter. The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. London and New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

Needham, Nick. 2000 Years of Christ’s Power vol.2: The Middle Ages. Fearn, Scotland: Christian Focus, 2016.

Powell, James M. “Innocent III and the Crusade.” In Innocent III; Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World?, ed. James M. Powell. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1994.

Powell, James M. “Rereading the Crusades: An Introduction.” The International History Review 17, no. 4 (November 1995): 663-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1995.9640724

Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Crusades: A Short History. London, England: The Athlone Press, 1987.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan. What Were the Crusades. London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15815-7

Riley-Smith, Louise and Jonathan. The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095-1274. Documents of Medieval History 4, Edited by G. W. S. Barrow and Edward Miller.

Sayers, Jane. Innocent III: Leader of Europe 1198-1216. New York, NY: Longman Publishing, 1994.

Tangl, G. Studien zum Register Innocenz’ III. Weimar, 1929. 88-97. Quoted in Louise and Jonathan Riley-Smith. The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095-1274. Documents of Medieval History 4, Edited by G. W. S. Barrow and Edward Miller

Tanner, Norman P. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. Vol 1. London and Washington: Sheed & Ward and Georgetown University Press, 1990.

Tillmann, Helene. “Pope Innocent III,” Translated by Walter Sax. In Europe in the Middle Ages Selected Studies. Edited by Richard Vaughan. Amsterdam/ New York/ Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1980.