THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY ON TEACHER PERFORMANCE WITH WORK MOTIVATION AS A MEDIATOR AT XYZ ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN KUPANG CITY [PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN SPIRITUALITAS KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA GURU DENGAN MOTIVASI KERJA SEBAGAI MEDIATOR DI SEKOLAH DASAR DI KOTA KUPANG]
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19166/pji.v21i1.8627Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
transformational leadership, workplace spirituality, work motivation, teacher performanceΠερίληψη
This research is a quantitative study aimed at examining the influence of transformational leadership and workplace spirituality on teacher performance with work motivation as a mediator at XYZ Elementary School in Kupang City. This study involved 35 teachers working at the school, with data collected through an online questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was conducted using the statistical method Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), including path analysis and mediation effect testing. The results of the study indicate that 1) there is no positive and significant influence of transformational leadership on teacher performance, 2) there is no positive and significant influence of transformational leadership on work motivation, 3) there is a positive and significant influence of workplace spirituality on teacher performance, 4) there is a positive and significant influence of workplace spirituality on work motivation, 5) there is a positive and significant influence of work motivation on teacher performance, 6) there is no positive and significant influence of transformational leadership on teacher performance mediated by work motivation, and 7) there is no positive and significant influence of workplace spirituality on teacher performance mediated by work motivation.
Abstrak bahasa Indonesia
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional dan workplace spirituality terhadap kinerja guru dengan motivasi kerja sebagai mediator di SD XYZ Kota Kupang. Penelitian ini melibatkan 35 guru yang bekerja di sekolah tersebut, dengan data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner yang dibagikan secara online dan telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan metode statistik Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), yaitu analisis jalur dan uji efek mediasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) tidak terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap kinerja guru, 2) tidak terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap motivasi kerja, 3) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan workplace spirituality terhadap kinerja guru, 4) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan workplace spirituality terhadap motivasi kerja, 5) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja guru, 6) tidak terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap kinerja guru yang dimediasi oleh motivasi kerja, dan 7) tidak terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan workplace spirituality terhadap kinerja guru yang dimediasi oleh motivasi kerja.
Αναφορές
Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Kiani, U. S. (2016). Linking spiritual leadership and employee pro-environmental behavior: The influence of workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, and environmental passion. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 79–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.011
Aljumah, A. (2023). The impact of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on job satisfaction: The mediating role of transactional leadership. Cogent Business and Management, 10(3), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2270813
Arikunto, S. (2014). Prosedur penelitian: Suatu pendekatan praktik (4th ed.). Rineka Cipta.
Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/105649260092008
Bandhu, D., Mohan, M. M., Nittala, N. A. P., Jadhav, P., Bhadauria, A., & Saxena, K. K. (2024). Theories of motivation: A comprehensive analysis of human behavior drivers. Acta Psychologica, 244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104177
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
Belwalkar, S., Vohra, V., & Pandey, A. (2018). The relationship between workplace spirituality, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors – an empirical study. Social Responsibility Journal, 14(2), 410–430. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-05-2016-0096
Bidang Pengembangan Pendidikan GMIT. (2023). Potret pendidikan GMIT.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row.
Byars, L. L., & Rue, L. W. (2011). Human resource management (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Chaplin-Cheyne, T. (2021). The limitations of transformational leadership. Scope (Teaching & Learning), 2021(10), 170–174. https://doi.org/10.34074/scop.4010023
Chi, H., Vu, T., Nguyen, H. V., & Truong, T. H. (2023). How financial and non–financial rewards moderate the relationships between transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and job performance. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2173850
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research, 8(2), 295–336). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Chu, L.-C., & Lai, C.-C. (2011). A research on the influence of leadership style and job characteristics on job performance among accountants of county and city government in Taiwan. Public Personnel Management, 40(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102601104000202
Creswell, J. W., & Guetterman, T. C. (2018). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (6th ed.). Pearson.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Deng, C., Gulseren, D., Isola, C., Grocutt, K., & Turner, N. (2023). Transformational leadership effectiveness: An evidence-based primer. Human Resource Development International, 26(5), 627–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2135938
Djuwadi, H. I. (2023). Tantangan dan solusi sekolah Kristen di Indonesia.
Donkor, F., Sekyere, I., & Oduro, F. A. (2022). Transformational and transactional leadership styles and employee performance in public sector organizations in Africa: A comprehensive analysis in Ghana. Journal of African Business, 23(4), 945–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2021.1969191
Dumdum, U. R., Lowe, K. B., & Avolio, B. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. In Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead 10th anniversary edition (Vol. 5, pp. 39–70). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-357120130000005008
Eisenberg, J., Post, C., & DiTomaso, N. (2019). Team dispersion and performance: The role of team communication and transformational leadership. Small Group Research, 50(3), 348–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496419827376
Evalyna, & Wibawa, I. M. A. (2020). The effect of workplace spirituality on organizational commitment and teacher performance (Study of vocational high school teachers in north Kuta, Bali, Indonesia). International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 8(1), 271–288. http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/8118.pdf
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693–727. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001
Fullan, M. (2023). The principal 2.0: Three keys to maximizing impact (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Garg, N. (2017). Workplace spirituality and employee well-being: An empirical exploration. Journal of Human Values, 23(2), 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685816689741
Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2010). Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (2nd ed.). M.E. Sharpe.
Giamos, D., Doucet, O., & Léger, P.-M. (2023). Continuous performance feedback: Investigating the effects of feedback content and feedback sources on performance, motivation to improve performance and task engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 44(3), 194-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2023.2238029
Gupta, V., & Singh, A. (2016). Conceptualization and organizational outcome correlates of spirituality at workplace. Indian Journal of Community Psychology, 12.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage Publication.
Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2018). The dark side of leadership and management. School Leadership and Management, 38(5), 475–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2018.1509276
Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2023). The importance of school leadership? What we know. School Leadership and Management, 43(5), 449–453. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2023.2287806
Hilton, S. K., Puni, A., & Yeboah, E. (2024). Leadership practices and job involvement: Does workplace spirituality moderate the relationship? Cogent Business and Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2316582
Huo, J. (2023). Vocational-technical teachers’ mindfulness: Does it matter for teachers’ well-being and motivation? Heliyon 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17184
Jena, L. K. (2022). Does workplace spirituality lead to raising employee performance? The role of citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(6), 1309–1334. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2279
Joen, S., Purnamawati, P. & Amiruddin, A. (2022). Kinerja guru, pendekatan kepemimpinan transformasional kepala sekolah dan motivasi kerja guru. Magama. http://eprints.unm.ac.id/id/eprint/28129
Khassawneh, O., & Elrehail, H. (2022). The effect of participative leadership style on employees’ performance: The contingent role of institutional theory. Administrative Sciences, 12(4), 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040195
Kinjerski, V. M., & Skrypnek, B. J. (2004). Defining spirit at work: Finding common ground. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410511288
Krishnani, H. (2023). Workplace spirituality: Exploring the meaning and purpose of life through work. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences, 6(2), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.33422/jarss.v6i2.939
Labetubun, M. R., & Dewi, I. G. A. M. (2022). Organizational commitment: It’s mediating role in the effect of human resource management practices and workplace spirituality on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(2), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.2.1279
Lee, T.-R., Chen, S.-Y., Wang, S.-H., & Dadura, A. (2010). The relationship between spiritual management and determinants of turnover intention. European Business Review, 22(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/09555341011009034
Li, C., Hu, X., Wu, Y., Kee, Y. H., & Cho, H. (2023). Work climate, motivation, emotional exhaustion, and continuance intention in sport volunteers: A two-wave prospective survey. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.08.004
Liaquat, M., Ahmed, G., Ismail, H., Ain, Q. U., Irshad, S., Izhar, S. S., & Mughal, M. T. (2024). Impact of motivational factors and green behaviors on employee environmental performance. Research in Globalization, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100180
Lin, S.-H. (J.), Scott, B. A., & Matta, F. K. (2019). The dark side of transformational leader behaviors for leaders themselves: A conservation of resources perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 62(5), 1556–1582. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.1255
Madjid, A. (2016). Pengembangan kinerja guru melalui kompetensi, komitmen, dan motivasi kerja. Samudra Biru. https://repository.umy.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/12743/Pengembangan%20Kinerja%20Guru.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Maqbool, S., Zafeer, H. M. I., Zeng, P., Mohammad, T., Khassawneh, O., & Wu, L. (2022). The role of diverse leadership styles in teaching to sustain academic excellence at secondary level. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1096151
Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H., Valentine, S. R., & Meglich, P. (2016). Human resource management (15th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An explanatory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810310484172
Miner, J. B. (2005). Organizational behavior I: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. M.E. Sharpe.
Mitroff, I. I., & Denton, E. A. (1999). A study of spirituality in the workplace. MIT Sloan Management Review, 83–92.
Mousa, A. E. (2020). The impact of workplace spirituality on employee performance: Evidence from Abu Dhabi University. International Business Research, 13(5), 79. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n5p79
Näkk, A.-M., & Timoštšuk, I. (2021). In pursuit of primary teachers’ work motivation amid increased external neoliberal pressure in education. Teacher Development, 25(5), 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2021.1899040
Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). SAGE Publications.
OECD. (2023, December 5). Indonesia student performance (PISA 2022). https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=IDN&treshold=10&topic=PI
Ogbeibu, S., Jabbour, C. J. C., Gaskin, J., Senadjki, A., & Hughes, M. (2021). Leveraging STARA competencies and green creativity to boost green organizational innovative evidence: A praxis for sustainable development. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(5), 2421–2440. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2754
Olalere, A. A. (2018). Workplace spirituality and creativity. In Dhiman, S., Roberts, G., Crossman, J. (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of workplace spirituality and fulfillment (pp. 1–22). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61929-3_58-1
Pandey, A., Gupta, R. K., & Kumar, P. (2016). Spiritual climate and its impact on learning in teams in business organizations. Global Business Review, 17(3_suppl), 159S-172S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150916631208
Paul, M., Jena, L. K., & Sahoo, K. (2020). Workplace spirituality and workforce agility: A psychological exploration among teaching professionals. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(1), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00918-3
Pekrun, R. (2021). Teachers need more than knowledge: Why motivation, emotion, and self-regulation are indispensable. Educational Psychologist, 56(4), 312–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2021.1991356
Permen pan & rb no. 16 tahun 2009. (n.d.). Database Peraturan | JDIH BPK. Retrieved November 1, 2024, from http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/132929/permen-pan-rb-no-16-tahun-2009
Rego, A., & Pina e Cunha, M. (2008). Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: An empirical study. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(1), 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810810847039
Rivaldo, Y., & Nabella, S. D. (2023). Employee performance: Education, training, experience and work discipline. Quality - Access to Success, 24(193), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/24.193.20
Rogers, A. (2010). Human behavior in the social environment: Perspectives on development, the life course, and macro context (New directions in social work) (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press. https://lccn.loc.gov/2016046662
Sapta, I. K. S., Rustiarini, N. W., Kusuma, I. G. A. E. T., & Astakoni, I. M. P. (2021). Spiritual leadership and organizational commitment: The mediation role of workplace spirituality. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1). 1966865. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1966865
Sarwar, U., Tariq, R., & Yong, Q. Z. (2022). Principals’ leadership styles and its impact on teachers’ performance at college level. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 919693. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.919693
Smith, E. R., Mackie, D. M., & Claypool, H. M. (2014). Social psychology (4th ed.). Psychology Press.
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Thommen, D., Sieber, V., Grob, U., & Praetorius, A. K. (2021). Teachers’ motivational profiles and their longitudinal associations with teaching quality. Learning and Instruction, 76, 101514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101514
Undang-undang Republik Indonesia No. 14 Tahun 2005 tentang guru dan dosen, Pub. L. No. 14 (2005). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/40266/uu-no-14-tahun-2005
Vo, T. T. D., Tuliao, K. V., & Chen, C.-W. (2022). Work motivation: The roles of individual needs and social conditions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020049
Vo-Thanh, T., Vu, T.-V., Nguyen, N. P., Nguyen, D. Van, Zaman, M., & Chi, H. (2020). How does hotel employees’ satisfaction with the organization’s COVID-19 responses affect job insecurity and job performance? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(6), 907–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1850750
Wiltshire, K., Malhotra, A., & Axelsen, M. (2018). Transformational leadership and not for profits and social enterprises. Routledge.
Worthington, J. D. (2020). Deep motivation in theological education. Themelios, 45(3), 620–637. https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/issue/45-3/
Wyatt-Smith, C., Adie, L., Haynes, M., & Day, C. (2022). Professionalizing teacher education: Performance assessment, standards, moderation, and evidence. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429318504
Yukl, G. A., & Gardner, W. L. (2020). Leadership in organizations (9th ed.). Pearson.
Λήψεις
Δημοσιευμένα
Τεύχος
Ενότητα
Άδεια
Πνευματική ιδιοκτησία (c) 2025 Rutsri Marlinda Pian, Khoe Yao Tung
Αυτή η εργασία είναι αδειοδοτημένη υπό το Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website). The final published PDF should be used and bibliographic details that credit the publication in this journal should be included.
