HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DALAM PERLINDUNGAN JURNALIS DAN MEDIA: STUDI KASUS ISRAEL-HAMAS DAN RUSIA-UKRAINA

Authors

  • Elyzabeth Bonethe Nasution Universitas Pelita Harapan (UPH)
  • Aisha Nafitra Putri Yandri

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19166/lectura.v2i1.10260

Keywords:

Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Hak Asasi Manusia, Jurnalis, Media, Perang Israel-Hamas, Perang Rusia-Ukraina

Abstract

Jurnalis dan media memainkan peran krusial namun beresiko tinggi ketika bertugas di zona konflik, dan Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI), hadir melalui ketentuan Konvensi Jenewa dan Protokol Tambahan menjamin perlindungan bagi jurnalis dan media di zona perang. Namun, masih sering ditemukan kelalaian dalam penerapannya. Maka, penelitian ini mengkaji penerapan HHI dalam melindungi jurnalis dan media di zona konflik, dengan fokus pada perang Israel-Hamas dan Rusia-Ukraina.  Kajian mengeksplorasi bagaimana ketentuan HHI diterapkan, tantangan yang dihadapi dalam penegakannya, dan respons internasional dalam mengatasi hambatan ini. Penelitian bersifat kualitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode studi kasus komparatif dan teknis analisis data komparatif untuk menganalisis kedua studi kasus tersebut. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa dalam kedua konflik tersebut, penerapan perlindungan HHI masih lemah. Para jurnalis menghadapi ancaman fisik, pembatasan akses, dan kurangnya adaptasi hukum terhadap perkembangan perang modern. Penelitian berhasil mengidentifikasi tantangan implementasi HHI, yang  meliputi alasan keamanan nasional untuk mencurigai kegiatan jurnalis, perkembangan sifat peperangan yang mempersulit identifikasi dan perlindungan jurnalis, serta kerangka hukum internasional yang terbatas dan kurang mencakup modernisasi perang. Selain itu, terdapat pula kesenjangan respons terhadap pelanggaran HHI, di mana komunitas internasional memberikan perhatian lebih kepada konflik Rusia-Ukraina. Rekomendasi menekankan pentingnya pengembangan dan penguatan kerangka hukum internasional, peningkatan kolaborasi global, dan penguatan mekanisme internasional dalam menangani kasus-kasus pelanggaran secara lebih efektif.

Abstract

 Journalists and the media play a crucial yet highly risky role when operating in conflict zones. International Humanitarian Law (IHL), through the provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols, guarantees protection for journalists and the media in wartime. However, there are frequent instances of negligence in its implementation. This study examines the application of IHL in safeguarding journalists and media in conflict zones, focusing on the Israel-Hamas and Russia-Ukraine wars. The analysis explores how IHL provisions are applied, the challenges faced in enforcement, and the international response to overcoming these barriers. A qualitative approach is employed, using secondary data, comparative case study methodology, and comparative data analysis techniques to examine both cases. The findings reveal that in both conflicts, the protection of journalists under IHL is weak, with journalists facing physical threats, restricted access, and a lack of legal adaptation to the realities of modern warfare. Identified challenges include national security concerns that view journalistic activities with suspicion, the evolving nature of warfare that complicates the identification and protection of journalists, and the limited scope of international legal frameworks to address modern warfare. Moreover, the research shows that the international community pays more attention to the failure of international law implementation in Russia-Ukraine. Recommendations emphasize strengthening international legal frameworks, enhancing global collaboration, and improving international mechanisms for addressing violations more effectively.

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2025-08-30

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