METAFUNCTION PATTERNS OF THE TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE

This study aims at finding out the metafunctions patterns of clauses of the Toba Batak Language. The data was gained from the speech of tulang (the mother’s brother) in delivering ulos saput at the Bataknese sari matua (an old person who died but he/she still has children who are unmarried) ceremony. The result shows that 74% of the clauses are patterned with Predicator, Complement, and Adjunct followed by Mood, whereas 26% of them are patterned with Mood followed by Predicator, Complement, and Adjunct. The majority of the clause pattern is Predicator followed by Mood. The most dominant theme is the Marked Topical Theme that reached 73% whereas 26% of them have Unmarked Topical Themes; the rest clause is imperative that has no theme. It can be concluded that clauses in the Toba Batak Language are dominantly patterned by Predicator followed by Mood. The Mood consists of Finite preceding the Subject. Residue itself mostly precedes Mood. The most dominant theme is the Marked Topical Theme in which the theme is not the Subject.


Introduction
The rules and contexts of language are learned by the term known as grammar.Grammar is necessary for people to understand both spoken and written texts as Gerot & Wignell (1994, p. 2) state that grammar is a theory of language, of how language is put together and how it works.Grammar also functions to create meaning as Halliday & Matthiessen (2004, p. 31) say "grammar is seen as a resource for making meaning -it is a 'semanticky' kind of grammar".Gerot & Wignell (1994, p. 5-6) classify grammar into three: traditional, formal, and functional grammar (p.5-6).Functional grammar is distinguishable from the traditional and formal ones.Briefly explained that the first one describes language by focusing on texts and contexts.On the other hand, the traditional one concerns with the rules for constructing sentences by word classes.Formal grammar itself concerns with the description of the structures of certain sentences.
Functional grammar attempts to describe both the function and the surface forms of language.It differs from many other functional theories in its emphasis on comprehensive, text-based descriptionsdescriptions that can be used in text analysis; other functional theories have tended to foreground linguistic comparison and typology based on descriptive fragments from a wide range of languages (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004, p. 56).Functional grammars view language as a resource for making meaning.According to Gerot & Wignell (1994, p. 6) these grammars start with the question "How are the meanings of this text realised?".Furthermore, taking into account what Halliday & Matthiessen (2004, p. 4) say that functional grammar attempts to describe and explain the meaning-making resources of modern English and their argument that the contexts for analysis of discourse are numerous and varied -educational, social, literary, political, legal, clinical and so on (p.4-5), this study applies functional grammar theory to analyze the Toba Batak Language.Metafunctions come within the scope of the study in terms of textual and interpersonal functions.Some previous studies have dealt with metafunctions.McCabe & Heilman (2007), Feng &Yuhui (2010), andYang (2017) dealt with textual and interpersonal metafunctions, focusing on texts and their contexts but what to focus in this study is the pattern of clauses in terms of textual and interpersonal functions.
Clauses to be analyzed were taken from the speech of tulang in delivering ulos saput at the Bataknese sari matua ceremony that concerns on the addressers' language based on the textual and interpersonal metafunctions.This study does not concern with the ceremony practice but the language use, so the objective of the study is to find out the answer for the problem of the study "how are metafunctions patterned in the Toba Batak language?"Related to the study, to help understand what are going to discussed, it is necessary to describe some terms of the Toba Batak Language used here; (1) Tulang; in a narrow meaning is the mother's brother; (2) Ulos; the traditional cloth of the Batak people of North Sumatra; (3) Tujung; the traditional cloth of the Batak people given to a person whose wife or husband is dead; (4) Sari Matua is an old person who died but he/she still has children who are unmarried; and (5) Ulos saput; the last traditional cloth of the Batak people that is given by tulang to cover the corpse of his nephew/niece.

Metafunctions
The way people use language is divided into three metafunctions; ideational, interpersonal, and textual as Halliday & Matthiessen (2014, p. 30) say "language provides a theory of human experience, and certain of the resources of the lexicogrammar of every language are dedicated to that function.We call it the ideational metafunction, and distinguish it into two components, the experiential and the logical".Metafunction means that language is functional as it is certain that language has functions.Related to the scope of the study, here are discussed interpersonal, and textual ones.

Interpersonal Function
The interpersonal concerns with the use of language to interact with other people (Thompson, 2014).Halliday & Matthiessen (2014, p. 30) also argue that the clause of the grammar is not only a figure, representing some process -some doing or happening, saying or sensing, being or having -together with its various participants and circumstances; it is also a proposition, or a proposal, whereby we inform or question, give an order or make an offer, and express our appraisal of and attitude towards whoever we are addressing and what we are talking about.This kind of meaning is more active: if the ideational function of the grammar is 'languages reflection', this is 'language as action'.As an exchange of experience, a clause is divided into five structural elements namely Subject, Finite, predicator, Complement, and Adjunct.

Textual Metafunction
Bloor & Bloor (1995, p. 10) explain that textual function is realized through the word order of the sentences, through which the writer orders the message for the reader, and also through the numeral, first, second, and fourth, which the writer uses to signal the salient points of his message.This metafunction is classified into two elements, namely Theme and Rheme.Halliday (2004, p. 64) states: "The Theme is the element which serves as the point of departure of the message; it is that which locates and orients the clause within its context.The remainder of the message, the part in which the Theme is developed, is called in Prague school terminology the Rheme." This statement indicates that a Theme is always accompanied by a Rheme.

The Toba Batak Language
The Toba Batak Language is the language spoken by Toba Batak people of North Sumatera Indonesia.The Batak is one of the tribes which consists of some sub-ethnic groups, namely: Toba, Karo, Pakpak, and Mandailing.Each group has its own language.
Generally speaking, the Toba Batak language is unique.Van Der Tuuk (1971, p. XLVII) explains that it is especially poor in words which can express the general, and very rich in those that define the particular.For example, it has no word for monkey in general, but it has a name for each particular kind of monkey.
The sentence patterns of the Toba Batak language are different from English.Basaria (2014, p.7) explains that syntactically, the sentence structure of TBL is VOS (Verb, Object, Subject).She gives the following example:

Method
This study applies the qualitative research as Ary et al. (2010, p. 22) states that qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in natural settings.
The object of the study is the speech of tulang in delivering ulos saput at the Bataknese sari matua ceremony.The location was in Tigabaru, a small town in the district of Dairi, North Sumatera, Indonesia.The data needed were gained from the speech of tulang, Mr Situngkir, during the process of delivering ulos saput and covering it on the corpse.For further information, an interview also was done with him.
The data needed were collected by recording the speech of tulang when delivering ulos saput using a video camera.The speech was then transcribed and segmented or parsed into clauses.The data collection was interpreted which the interpretation used is the interactive data analysis model propounded by Miles & Michael (1994, p. 23).This model includes four different interconnected processes: data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification.

Findings
The data gained were represented in form of transcription and then segmented into clauses.Each clause is translated into English to make it readable and understood by nonnative speakers of the Toba Batak Language.Some terms are abbreviated; TBL is Toba Batak Language, EL-1 is for English Language (Direct Translation), EL-2 is for English Language (Grammatically Correct Translation), TF is for Textual Function, IF is for Interpersonal Function, S is for Subject, F is for Finite, P is for Predicator, C is for Complement, Circum.Adjunct is for Circumstantial Adjunct, Subj.Adjunct is for Subjunctive Adjunct, Com.Adjunct is for Comment Adjunct, M is for Mood, R is for Residue, Part. is for Particle.Based on the data analysis, the findings of the study are as follows: a.

Interpersonal Function
The result shows that 74% of the mood of the clauses of the speech is preceded by Predicator, Complement and Adjunct, whereas 21% of them precede Predicator, Complement, and Adjunct.The majority of the clause pattern is Predicator that is followed by Mood.

b. Textual Function
The result of data analysis shows that the theme of the clauses of the speech is dominated by Marked Topical Themes.There have been 19 clauses to analyze.73% of the clauses have Marked Topical Themes whereas 26 % of them have Unmarked Topical Themes; the last clause is imperative that has no Theme.

Discussion
Based on the result of interpersonal function, which presents that most of the clauses is patterned with Predicator followed by Mood, it is clearly seen that the surface structure of the Toba Batak language is a predicate (verb) followed by object and subject.Moreover, the Toba Batak language operates Mood element consisting of Finite preceding the Subject.Residue, the remainder of each class, namely: Predicator, Complement, and Adjunt, itself mostly precedes Mood.Here are the comparisons between English and Toba Batak Language.

P S
The clauses show that the Mood element in English, as Gerot & Wignell (1994, p. 2) state, consists of two parts: the Subject and the Finite.The position of the Subject is at the beginning of the clause then followed by the Finite, but in Toba Batak language, the Finite precedes the Subject to the contrary.In TBL, Predicator also comes before Subject.The Predicator may also exist between the Finite and Subject.
The result shows that TBL has a unique grammatical, phonetic, and semantic system as Sinaga (2002, p. vii) observes (cited in Pardede, 2012, p. 28).Sibarani (1997, p. 1) cited in Pardede (2012, p. 28) also explains that TBL has its own grammatical system.TBL has a predicateobject-subject pattern, in this case, Verb precedes the Subject.The clauses reveal that the dominated theme is Market Topical Theme as Gerot & Wignell (1994, p. 84) suggest the Topical Theme is usually but not always the first nominal group in the clause, Topical Themes may also be nominal group complexes, adverbial groups, prepostional phrases or embedded clauses . . .A Topical Theme which is not the subject is called a Market Topical Theme.

Conclusion
Based on analysis of the data, it can be concluded that clauses in the Toba Batak Language are dominantly patterned by predicator followed by mood.The Mood in the Toba Batak language consists of Finite preceding the Subject.Residue itself mostly precedes Mood.Within the textual metafunction, the most dominant theme is the Marked Topical in which the theme is not the Subject.
Based on the result of the study, the writer would like to suggest to other researchers to conduct a study on functional grammar and analyze the use of language more deeply based on the context of situation and culture.
The analysis of textual function shows that the theme is dominated by Marked Topical Themes as shown by the following clauses:

Table 3
On ma na parpudi.
That is why there is a hope by this ulos.A Journal