Implementasi Hasil Konferensi Perubahan Iklim ke-26 (COP26) terhadap Pengembangan Sektor Pertambangan dan Kebijakan Lingkungan di Indonesia [The Implementation of the 26th Climate Change Conference (COP26) towards the Development of Mining Sector and Environmental Policy in Indonesia]

Josephine Alessia Then, Roy Vincentius Pratikno, Jhon Maxwell Yosua Pattinussa

Abstract


The climate change crisis triggered by the greenhouse gases emission because of the usage of coal have pushed for the establishment of UNFCCC dan the COP26 meeting, where Indonesia is actively participating. This research aims to analyze the implications of the COP26 results towards the environmental policy in Indonesia, along with the opportunities and challenges faced by the mining sector in implementing those policies. Using the neoliberal theory, qualitative approach, and case study method through secondary data analysis, this research produces two main findings. First, the COP26 results are integrated into Indonesia’s environmental policy through the roadmap towards net zero emission, constructed with the International Energy Agency (IEA). This roadmap includes the early retirement plan of coal power plants, the development of renewable energy, the super grid technology, CCS/CCUS, and the conversion of electronic vehicle. Second, even though there are some significant opportunities to achieve that commitment, Indonesia also faces huge challenges, including the coal dependency, regulation that is not optimal yet, and concerns towards improper fundings.


Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Krisis perubahan iklim yang dipicu oleh emisi gas rumah kaca akibat penggunaan batu bara telah mendorong terbentuknya UNFCCC dan pertemuan COP26, di mana Indonesia turut berperan aktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi hasil COP26 terhadap kebijakan lingkungan di Indonesia, serta tantangan dan peluang yang dihadapi sektor pertambangan dalam mengimplementasikan kebijakan tersebut. Menggunakan teori neoliberalisme, pendekatan kualitatif, dan metode studi kasus melalui analisis data sekunder, penelitian ini menghasilkan dua temuan utama. Pertama, hasil COP26 diintegrasikan ke dalam kebijakan lingkungan Indonesia melalui peta jalan menuju net zero emission, yang disusun bersama International Energy Agency (IEA). Peta jalan ini mencakup rencana pensiun dini PLTU batu bara, pengembangan energi terbarukan, teknologi super grid, CCS/CCUS, dan konversi kendaraan listrik. Kedua, meskipun ada peluang signifikan untuk merealisasikan komitmen tersebut, Indonesia juga menghadapi tantangan besar, termasuk ketergantungan pada batu bara, regulasi yang belum optimal, dan kekhawatiran terkait pendanaan yang belum memadai.


Keywords


COP26; Transisi Energi; Kebijakan Lingkungan; Indonesia



DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v16i31.8692

Full Text:

PDF

References


Asselt, H. V., dan Fergus Green. “COP26 and the Dynamics of Anti-Fossil Fuel Norms.” Wires Climate Change Journal (2022): 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.816

Arbar, Thea Fathanah. “Ngeri! Begini Dampak Perubahan Iklim terhadap Ekonomi Global.” CNBC Indonesia, diakses 14 Oktober 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43538-022-00073-6Crescenzi, Mark J.C., dan Bailee Donahue. “Reputation in International Relations.” Oxford Bibliographies (2017). 10.1093/OBO/9780199743292-0208

Aziz, Abdul. Memahami Fenomena Sosial melalui Studi Kasus: Kumpulan Materi Pelatihan Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Surabaya: BMPTSI Wilayah VII Jatim, 1998.

CIPP. Memercepat Transisi Energi Berkeadilan di Indonesia. Draf Konsultasi Publik. 2023. https://jetp-id.org/storage/jetp-bahasa-version-cipp-draf.pdf

Cwienk, Jeannette. “PBB: Komitmen Iklim Baru Gagal Penuhi Perjanjian Paris.” Deutshce Welle, diakses 15 Oktober 2023, https://www.dw.com/id/pbb-komitmen-iklim-baru-gagal-penuhi-perjanjian-paris/a-59635137

Dwiki, Sendy. “Development of Environmental Policy in Indonesia regarding Mining Industry in Comparison with United States and Australia: The Lesson That Can Be Learned.” Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy 5, no. 2 (2018): 50-57. https://doi.org/10.5109/1936217

Fauzi, Pandu Rizky. “Peluang dan Tantangan Transisi Energi: Implikasi Kebijakan Pasca Presidensi G20 Indonesia.” Journal of Tax, Policy, Economics, and Accounting 1, no. 1, (2023): 16-34. http://muctaxpedia.com/index.php/muctj/article/view/14

Halimatussadiah, Dr. Alin, Fachry A. R. Afifi, dan Muhammad Y. Pratama. “Enviromental Policy Update.” LPEM FEB UI Economic Brief 1, no. 1 (2023): 1-16. https://www.lpem.org/id/environmental-policy-update-volume-1-no-1-may-2023/#:~:text=Perpres%20Nomor%20112%20Tahun%202022,poin%20utama%20dalam%20kebijakan%20tersebut

Heriani, F. N. “Pemerintah Diminta Perhatikan Prinsip Keadilan dan Berkelanjutan Terkait Transformasi Energi.” Hukum Online, diakses pada 10 November 2023, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/pemerintah-diminta-perhatikan-prinsip-keadilan-dan-berkelanjutan-terkait-transformasi-energi-lt635288e0bb562/

Humas EBTKE. Pertemuan Virtual Delegasi Indonesia bersama UNFCCC Jelang COP26 Glasgow. Direktorat Jenderal Energi Baru Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi (EBTKE). 2021. https://ebtke.esdm.go.id/post/2021/09/14/2962/pertemuan.virtual.delegasi.indonesia.bersama.unfccc.jelang.cop.26.glasgow

Institute for Essential Services Reform. Financing Indonesia’s Coal Phase-Out: A Just and Accelerated Retirement Pathway to Net Zero. Agustus 2022. https://iesr.or.id/en/pustaka/financing-indonesias-coal-phase-out

IRENA. Indonesia Energy Transition Outlook. International Renewable Energy Agency, 2022. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Oct/IRENA_Indonesia_energy_transition_outlook_2022.pdf?rev=b122956e990f485994b9e9d7075f696c

Isma. “Batu Bara Topang Transisi Energi di Indonesia." InfoPublik, diakses 11 Juni 2023, https://www.infopublik.id/kategori/nasional-ekonomi-bisnis/614934/batu-bara-topang-transisi-energi-di-indonesia.

Izzatusholekha, Harist Kholilurrohman, dan Rahmat Salam. “Analisis Kebijakan Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Dalam Kerangka Pembangunan Berkelanjutan.” Ilmu Sosial Terapan Kajian Teoritis dan Studi Kasus (2021): 30-48. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ridfa-Chairani-2/publication/364781606_Ilmu_Sosial_Terapan_Kajian_Teoritis_dan_Studi_Kasus/links/635a405b6e0d367d91cf61ea/Ilmu-Sosial-Terapan-Kajian-Teoritis-dan-Studi-Kasus.pdf#page=35

Kalkuhl, M., et al. “Successful Coal Phase-Out Requires New Models of Development.” Nature Energy 4, no. 11 (2019): 895-903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0500-5.

Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Teknologi CCS-CCUS Jadi Tren Baru Hadapi Transisi Energi, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, 2022, https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/teknologi-ccs-ccus-jadi-tren-baru-hadapi-transisi-energi-

Koplitz, Shannon, Daniel Jacob, Melissa Sulprizio, Lauri Myllyvirta, dan Collen Reid. “Burden of Disease from Rising Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions in Southeast Asia." Environmental Science and Technology Journal 51, no. 3 (2017): 1469-1476. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03731

Larasati, Endang. “Peran Sentral Indonesia dalam Mendorong Penanganan Perubahan Iklim di Tingkat Dunia." Badan Kebijakan Fiskal, diakses 10 Juni 2023, https://fiskal.kemenkeu.go.id/publikasi/siaran-pers-detil/339.

Leontinus, Gindo. “Program dalam Pelaksanaan Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs) Dalam Hal Masalah Perubahan Iklim di Indonesia.” Jurnal Kajian Ilmu dan Pendidikan Geografi 05, no. 1 (2022): 42-52. https://ejurnalunsam.id/index.php/jsg/article/view/4652

Marissa Malahayati, “Emission Mitigation in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities towards the Net-Zero Emission,” Global Enviromental Research, no. 26 (2022): 34-35. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marissa_Malahayati/publication/370063536_Emission_Mitigation_in_Indonesia_Challenges_and_Opportunities_towards_the_Net-Zero_Emission/links/643d55771b8d044c632d9e3c/Emission-Mitigation-in-Indonesia-Challenges-and-Opportunities-towards-the-Net-Zero-Emission.pdf

Muhajir, M., Ferdian Yazid, dan Gita A. Atikah. Mencegah Korupsi dalam Skema Pensiun Dini PLTU di Indonesia. Transparency International Indonesia. 2023. https://ti.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Mencegah-Korupsi-dalam-Skema-Pensiun-Dini-PLTU-di-Indonesia.pdf

Mochamad, J. R. “Evaluasi Regulasi 2022: Lambatnya Pembahasan RUU EBT Jadi Perhatian Serius.” diakses 8 November 2023, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/evaluasi-regulasi-2022--lambatnya-pembahasan-ruu-ebt-jadi-perhatian-serius-lt63ac483633282/?page=1

Muhammad Fauzan Amari, “Indonesia in COP26: Over Ambition On National Determined Contribution,” Journal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional 05, No. 1 (2022): 126. https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v5i1.4219

Nathaniael, Gracia. “Industri Batubara dari Sisi Ekonomi, Politik, dan Lingkungan.” Parapolitika: Journal of Politics and Democracy Studies 2, no. 1 (2021): 20-30 https://parapolitika.upnvj.ac.id/index.php/pp/article/view/15

Niel, H. “ADB dan Mitra Indonesia Tanda Tangani MOU Bersejarah Rencana Percepatan Pengakhiran Masa Operasional Pembangkit Listrik Batu Bara Pertama di Bawah Mekanisme Transisi Energi.” Asian Development Bank, diakses 16 November 2023, https://www.adb.org/id/news/adb-indonesia-partners-sign-landmark-mou-early-retirement-plan-first-coal-power-plant-etm

Ni Putu R. Yuliartini dan Davira S. R. Suwatno, “Ratifikasi Terhadap Traktat Persetujuan Paris (Paris Agreement) sebagai Wujud Implementasi Komitmen Indonesia dalam Upaya Mitigasi dan Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim”, Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan 10, no. 2 (2022): 334-335. https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPP

Nofansya, Aldy, Deasy Sari, dan Dina Yulianti. “Implementasi Perjanjian Paris dalam Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia.” Padjajaran Journal of International Relations 5, no. 1 (2023): 75-90. https://doi.org/10.24198/padjirv5i1.39685

O’Niell, S. “COP26: Some Progress, But Nations Still Fiddling While World Warms.” The Official Journal of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press, 1-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eng.2022.02.004

Puspawardhani, S. “Komitmen Indonesia Melawan Perubahan Iklim dengan Transisi Energi.” GovInsider.Asia, diakses 2 November 2023, https://govinsider.asia/indo-id/article/omitmen-ndonesia-melawan-perubahan-iklim-dengan-transisi-energi

Poewartika, Tine, Shylvia Windary, Faturahman Rasyid, dan Bebby Santoso. “Diplomasi Lingkungan: Indonesia Dalam Mewujudkan Transisi Energi Post – COP26.” Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 2, (2022): 3596-3609. https://doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v2i9.1182

Prasetiyo, A. et al. Ambiguitas versus Ambisi: Tinjauan Kebijakan Transisi Energi Indonesia. Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air. 2023. https://energyandcleanair.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CREA_Trend-Asia_ID

Rahma, H., dan Imzastini, N. “Stream Electricity Power Plant (PLTU): The Politics of Energy in Indonesia." Airlangga Conference of International Relations 1 (2018): 101-106. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010273700002309

Redaksi. “Tantangan dan Pembiayaan Transisi Energi.” diakses pada 14 November 2023, https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2023/08/27/tantangan-pembiayaan-transisi-energi?open_from=Search_Result_Page

Renny C. P., Runitya Z.R., dan Randy B. B., “Peran Organisasi Internasional dalam Atasi PerubahanIklim dalam UNFCCC,” Jurnal Sosial Politik Integratif 2, No. 1 (2022): 42-43, https://jisip.org/index.php/jsp/article/view/54

Sabrina Rhamadanty, “Kemenperin Terbitkan Peta Jalan Pengembangan Kendaraan Listrik Berbasis Baterai,” Kontan, diakses 13 November 2023, https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/kemenperin-terbitkan-peta-jalan-pengembangan-kendaraan-listrik-berbasis-baterai

Sabubu, Theo. “Pengaturan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Batu Bara di Indonesia Perspektif Hak atas Lingkungan yang Baik dan Sehat.” Lex Renaissance 5, no. 1 (2020): 72-90. https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol5.iss1.art5

Simanjuntak, Uliyasi. “Peta Jalan Mempercepat Pensiun PLTU Batu Bara pada 2045.” Institute for Essential Services Reform, diakses 3 Oktober 2023, https://iesr.or.id/peta-jalan-mempercepat-pensiun-pltu-batubara-pada-2045

Simanjuntak, Uliyasi. “Sepakati Deklarasi Global Tinggalkan Batu Bara, Indonesia Perlu Siapkan Perta Jalan Transisi Batu Bara.” Institute for Essential Services Reform, diakses 3 Oktober 2023, https://iesr.or.id/sepakati-deklarasi-global-tinggalkan-batubara-indonesia-perlu-siapkan-peta-jalan-transisi-batubara

Simon Black, et al., IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update, Working Paper, IMF, 2023.

Syahputra, Eqqi. “Ini Peran Industri Batu Bara ke Ekonomi Nasional dan Daerah.” CNBC Indonesia, diakses 10 Juni 2023, https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20221004113736-17-377028/ini-peran-industri-batu-bara-ke-ekonomi-nasional-daerah.

Tanaurant, Massari I. “Neoliberalisme dalam The Glasgow Climate Pact: Kontribusi United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dalam Penanggulangan Perubahan Iklim.” Research Gate Publication, (2022): 1-7, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361887842

UN Climate Action. COP26: Together for Our Planet, United Nations. 2021. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/cop26

UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021. Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement. UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021. 3 Oktober 2023, https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230313120149/https://ukcop26.org/global-coal-to-clean-power-transition-statement/

UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021. COP26 the Glasgow Climate Pact. UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230311050139mp_/https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/COP26-Presidency-Outcomes-The-Climate-Pact.pdf

United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. Sekilas tentang Perubaham Iklim. United Nations. http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/press/application/pdf/sekilas_tentang_perubahan_iklim.pdf

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Republic of Indonesia. UNFCCC. 2021.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Josephine Alessia Then, Roy Vincentius Pratikno, Jhon Maxwell Yosua Pattinussa

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

favicon Department of International Relations | Faculty of Political and Social Science | Universitas Pelita Harapan | Indonesia | +62 21 546 0901 |  verity@uph.edu