The Contribution of Interfaith Dialogue in Transforming Nuclear Conflict between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran

Andrea Rayi Galuh Palita, Elyzabeth Bonethe Nasution

Abstract


The nuclear conflict between the US and Iran is one that is complicated to be resolved. Although the prevailing conflict has not reached the point of war, the political and social tensions precipitate concerns to the international security. Various stakeholders are involved, not only the government, but also the society as external parties in influencing the conflict. Therefore, this research centralises on examining interfaith dialogue as one of the approaches in efforts to transform the conflict through describing and analysing its process, role, and limitations in addressing nuclear conflict between the US and Iran. Sample data are obtained through a literature study by collecting secondary data. This research draws on three examples of interfaith dialogue between the US and Iran upon examining the interfaith dialogue approach's process, role, and limitations examined through the Constructivist theory, which were conducted by (i) USCCB and the Society of the Seminary Teachers of Qom, (ii) MCC and IRCS with IKRI, and (iii) Washington National Cathedral with Former President Khatami. This research indicates that the roles of interfaith dialogue are to prevent the escalation of conflict escalation and to facilitate conflict transformation process. However, this approach still needs to overcome numerous limitations as conflicted parties still show no signs of subsiding. These limitations are rooted from the strong ideas and identities of the two countries and the process of the approach itself.

 

Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Konflik nuklir antara AS dan Iran memang rumit untuk diselesaikan. Meskipun konflik yang terjadi belum sampai pada titik perang, ketegangan politik dan sosial antara kedua negara memicu kekhawatiran terhadap keamanan internasional. Berbagai pemangku kepentingan terlibat dalam konflik ini, tidak hanya pemerintah, tetapi juga masyarakat sebagai pihak eksternal dalam memengaruhi konflik tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memusatkan pada kajian dialog antaragama sebagai salah satu pendekatan upaya transformasi konflik melalui pendeskripsian dan analisis proses, peran, dan keterbatasan dialog antaragama dalam menangani konflik nuklir antara AS dan Iran. Data sampel diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan dengan mengumpulkan data sekunder. Penelitian ini mengacu pada tiga contoh dialog antara pihak AS dan Iran untuk mengkaji proses, peran, dan keterbatasan pendekatan dialog antaragama yang dikaji melalui Teori Konstruktivis. Ketiga dialog tersebut dilakukan oleh (i) USCCB dan Society of the Seminary Teachers of Qom, (ii) MCC dan IRCS dengan IKRI, dan (iii) Washington National Cathedral dengan Mantan Presiden Khatami. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peran dialog antaragama dalam menangani isu nuklir AS dan Iran saat ini adalah untuk mencegah eskalasi konflik serta memfasilitasi proses transformasi konflik. Namun, seiring dengan belum meredanya konflik, pendekatan dialog ini masih memiliki banyak keterbatasan yang didasari oleh kuatnya identitas agama dari kedua negara serta karena proses dialog itu sendiri.


Keywords


Interfaith Dialogue; Peacebuilding; Nuclear Conflict; Religion; Identity



DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v13i26.5242

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alexandrov, M. (2003). A Concept of Identity in International Relations: A Theoretical Analysis. Journal of International Development and Cooperation, 10(1), 33–46. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/197279417.pdf

Alfoneh, A. (2013). Iran Unveiled: How the Revolutionary Guards Is Transforming Iran from Theocracy into Military Dictatorship. Washington DC: AEI Press.

Askandar, K. (Ed.). (2021). Peace & Conflict Transformation in Southeast Asia Sourcebook. Nakhon Phatom: ASEAN University Network – Human Rights Education (AUN-HRE).

Bahgat, G. (2006). Nuclear Proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian Studies, 39(3), 307-327. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4311832

Britannica. (2021, October 30). Fatwa. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/fatwa

Burrell, D. B. (2008). Some Requisites for Interfaith Dialogue. New Blackfriars, 89(1021), 300-310. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43251231

Cathedral Archives. (2006). Interfaith Dialogue and the Role of Religion in Peace, Transcript of Lecture by Muhammad Khatami. Retrieved from http://www.nationalcathedral.org/learn/lectureTexts/MED-42VN7- QK0004.shtml

Chicago Tribune. (2021, September 8). An atomic threat made in America. Retrieved from https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/chi-061209atoms-day1-story-htmlstory.html

Committee on International Justice and Peace. (2015). Letters to the Congress, C Chairman, Committee on International Justice and Peace United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved from https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/global-issues/middle-east/iran/upload/2015-07-14-cantu-letters-congress-iran-nuclear-deal.pdf

Demiri, L. (2018). Introduction. In Y. Said & L. Demiri (Eds.), The Future of Interfaith Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Encounter through A Common World (pp. 1-12). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fisher, S., et. al. (2000). Mengelola Konflik: Keterampilan & Strategi untuk Bertindak. Zed Books: British Council.

Galtung, J. (1996). Peace by Peaceful Means. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.

Galtung, J. (2015). Peace Journalism and Reporting on the United States. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 22(1), 321-333. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591019

Gul, A. A. (2012). Iran’s Pursuit of Peaceful Nuclear Technology. Pakistan Horizon, 65(1), 35-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24711205

Heidarizad, M., Kabiri, S., & Azarpanah, M. A. (2013). Security from Quran perspective. ASENSI Journals, 7(11), 3383-3387.

ICAN Australia. (2020). Interfaith Service for Nuclear Disarmament. ICAN Australia and Pacific Conferences of Churches.

Inbar, E. (2006). The Need to Block a Nuclear Iran. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 10(1), 91-112.

Inside the Pentagon. (2017). Nuclear Controversy. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/90014063

International Atomic Energy Agency. (2011). Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Report by the Director General. Retrieved from https://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/IAEA_Iran_8Nov2011.pdf

Jackson, R. (2009). Chapter 9: Constructivism and Conflict Resolution. In J. Bercovith, V. Kremenyuk, & I. W. Zartman (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Conflict Resolution (pp. 172-190). London: SAGE Publications, Ltd.

Kaiser, K., Leber, G., Mertes, A., & Schulze, F. (1982). Nuclear Weapons and the Preservation of Peace: A Response to an American Proposal for Renouncing the First Use of Nuclear Weapons. Foreign Affairs, 60(5), 1157-1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/20041280

Khalaji, M. (2011). Iran's Regime of Religion. Journal of International Affairs, 65(1), 131-147. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24388186

Lynch, J., & McGoldrick. A. (2005). Peace Journalism. Gloucestershire: Hawthorn Press.

March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (2004). The Logic of Appropriateness, Oslo: ARENA.

Martin, E. (2014). Mennonite Engagement with Iran. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 31(1), 113-139. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i1.1031

Maynard, J. L. (2015). Identity and Ideology in Political Violence and Conflict. St. Antony’s International Review, 10(2), 18-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26229187

MCC. (2021, November 1). About MCC. Retrieved from https://mcc.org/learn/about

National Archives. (2021, December 7). The Constitution of the US: A Transcription. Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript

National Intelligence Estimate. (2007). Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20101122022043/http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/20071203_release.pdf

Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Olasupo, O. J. (2020). Religion and Human Security: The Christian Perspective. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 8(4), 156-162. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i4.4907

Paramasatya, S., & Wiranto, S. (2019). Konfrontasi Amerika Serikat dan Iran dalam Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 12(2), 297-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v12i2.14047

Pew Research Center. (2021). Religious Landscape Study. Retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/

Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., & Miall, H. (2011). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Republic Affairs Office. (2014). U.S. Bishops, Iran Religious Leaders Jointly Declaration Opposition to Violations of Human Life and Dignity, Including Weapons of Mass Destruction. Retrieved from https://www.usccb.org/news/2014/us-bishops-iran-religious-leaders-jointly-declare-opposition-violations-human-life-and

Reus-Smit, C. (2013). Constructivism. In S. Burchill, A. Linklater, R. Devetak, J. Donnelly, M. Paterson, C. Reus-Smit, & J. True (Eds.), Theories of International Relations (pp. 217-240). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Roy, O. (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Scheffler, T. (2007). Interreligious Dialogue and Peacebuilding. Die Friedens-Warte, 82(2/3), 173-187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23773933

Sieg, R. (2008). A Call to Minimize the Use of Nuclear Power in the Twenty-first Century. Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, 9(2), 305-373, https://www.jstor.org/stable/vermjenvilaw.9.issue-2

Smock, D. R. (2002). Interfaith Dialogue and Peacebuilding. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

Soltaninejad, A., & Shapoori, M. (2013). Iran and the United States: The Negative Cycle of Construction and Continuation of Nuclear Dispute. Foreign Relations Journal, 5(1), 105-132. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=287674

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2020). Nuclear weapon modernization continues but the outlook for arms control is bleak: New SIPRI Yearbook out now. Retrieved from https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/nuclear-weapon-modernization-continues-outlook-arms-control-bleak-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now

Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. L. (2016). Introduction to Qualitative Research Method: A Guidebook and Resources. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and Affiliates. (2020). Consolidated Financial Statements with Supplemental Schedule. Retrieved from https://www.usccb.org/resources/2020%20Financial%20Statements%20USCCB.pdf

United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. (2021, October 30). About USCCB. Retrieved from https://www.usccb.org/about

US Institute of Peace. (2004). Religion in World Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr201.pdf

US Institute of Peace. (2004). What Works?: Evaluating Interfaith Dialogue Programs. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12246

Vinvi, A. (2009). Armed Groups and the Balance of Power: The International Relations of Terrorists, Warlords, and Insurgents. London: Routledge.

Viotti, P. R., & Kauppi, M. V. (2012). International Relations Theory, London: Longman.

Viotti, P. R., & Kauppi, M. V. (2012). The English School: International Society and Grotian Rationalism. In P. R. Viotti, & M. V. Kauppi (Eds.), International Relations Theory (pp. 125-139). London: Longman.

Warner, C. M., & Walker, S. G. (2011). Thinking about the Role of Religion in Foreign Policy: A Framework Analysis. Foreign Policy Analysis, 7(1), 113-135, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24909818

Washington National Catherdral. (2021, November 6). About the Cathedral. Retrieved from https://cathedral.org/about-the-cathedral/mission-and-vision/

Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wendt, A. (2005). Constructivism and International Relations, New York: Routledge.

Williams, R. H. (1996). Religion as Political Resource: Culture or Ideology? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35(4), 368-378 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1386412

Yamane, D., & Oldmixon, E. A. (2006). Religion in the Legislative Arena: Affiliation, Salience, Advocacy, and Public Policymaking. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 31(3), 433-460, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40263394

Zehfuss, M. (2004). Constructivism in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Andrea Rayi Galuh Palita, Elyzabeth Bonethe Nasution

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

favicon Department of International Relations | Faculty of Political and Social Science | Universitas Pelita Harapan | Indonesia | +62 21 546 0901 |  verity@uph.edu