SOUTH KOREA IN THE DYNAMICS OF INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY: HERMIT KINGDOM 4.0 [KOREA SELATAN PADA DINAMIKA STRATEGI INDO-PASIFIK: KERAJAAN HERMIT 4.0]

Darynaufal Mulyaman, William Sulistyo Wibowo

Abstract


South Korea is a country that historically has always been flanked by major powers around it such as Japan, China, Russia, and even the United States. Nevertheless, South Korea in this era of globalization actually has a large capacity as a middle power country engaged by influential multilateral organizations such as the OECD, MIKTA, and G20. Later, South Korea also had huge popular culture implications around the world through its Korean Wave. So why is South Korea less politically active on Indo-Pacific issues than other East Asian countries, such as Japan with the Quad or China in the Indo-Pacific issue? Whereas by weight of issue and substance, South Korea has a big point to play strategically on Indo-Pacific dynamics issues, such as the North Korea issue or the Alliance of South Korea and the United States. The study will use Economic Diplomacy and Middle-power-ship to explain the reasons why South Korea tends to be politically inactive.

 

Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Korea Selatan merupakan negara yang secara historis selalu diapit oleh kekuatan besar di sekitarnya seperti Jepang, China, Rusia, bahkan Amerika Serikat. Namun demikian, Korea Selatan di era globalisasi ini sebenarnya memiliki kapasitas yang besar sebagai middle power country yang digaet oleh organisasi multilateral berpengaruh seperti OECD, MIKTA, dan G20. Belakangan, Korea Selatan juga memiliki implikasi budaya populer yang sangat besar di seluruh dunia melalui Korean Wave-nya. Jadi mengapa Korea Selatan kurang aktif secara politik dalam isu-isu Indo-Pasifik dibandingkan negara-negara Asia Timur lainnya, seperti Jepang dengan Quad atau China dalam masalah Indo-Pasifik? Padahal secara bobot isu dan substansi, Korea Selatan memiliki poin besar untuk bermain secara strategis pada isu-isu dinamika Indo-Pasifik, seperti isu Korea Utara atau Aliansi Korea Selatan dan Amerika Serikat. Studi ini akan menggunakan Diplomasi Ekonomi dan Middle-power untuk menjelaskan alasan mengapa Korea Selatan cenderung tidak aktif secara politik.


Keywords


Constructivism; Political Economy; Indo-Pacific; Middle Power; New Southern Policy; South Korea



DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v13i25.4465

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abe, S. (2007, August 22). Speech by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Parliament of the Republic of India. Retrieved from https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html

Akihiko, T. (2018, March 8). The range of a free and open Indo-Pacific strategy. Discuss Japan, 44, 1-8.

Albert, E. (2018, March 4). South Korea’s Chaebol Challenge. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/south-koreas-chaebol-challenge

Balaam, D. N., & Dillman, B. L. (2013). Introduction To International Political Economy. Boston: Longman.

Bergeijk, P. A., & Moons, S. (2017). Economic Diplomacy and Economic Security. New Frontiers for Economic Diplomacy, 37-54. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1436584

Bonsai, S. (1907, July 28). The Obliteration of the Kingdom of Korea. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/1907/07/28/archives/the-obliteration-of-the-kingdom-of-korea-with-complete-disregard-of.html

Bordage, G. (2009). Conceptual frameworks to illuminate and magnify. Medical Education Research, 43(4), 312-319. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03295.x

Boyer, E. L. (2016). Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the professiorate. San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Bradford, C. I. (2015). South Korea as a Middle Power in Global Governance: “Punching Above Its Weight” Based on National Assets and Dynamic Trajectory. Council of Foreign Relation, 8-20. https://www.cfr.org/report/middle-power-korea

Briskey, M. F. (2020, October 20). Protecting political leaders from Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/debate/good-government-bad-government-politics-public-health

Chapman, A. (2018, September 10). Why is South Korea So Rich? Retrieved from https://restoftheiceberg.org/posts/2018/9/10/why-is-south-korea-so-rich

Chinoy, S. R. (2020, August 19). Seoul cannot continue to sit on the fence for long in the ongoing US-China tug-of-war. Retrieved from https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/south-korea-foriegn-policy-free-and-open-indo-pacific-china-6560347/

Choong, W. (2019). The return of the Indo-Pacific strategy: an assessment. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 73(5), 415-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2019.1639134

Collier, D., Seawright, J., & Brady, H. E. (2003). Qualitative versus Quantitative: What Might This Distinction Mean? Qualitative Methods, 1(1), 4-8. Qualitative versus Quantitative: What Might This Distinction Mean? by David Collier, Jason Seawright, Henry E. Brady :: SSRN

Cummnings, B. (1997). "Rimspeak; or, the discourse of the “Pacific Rim'," In A. Dirlik (Ed.), What is in a rim? Critical perspectives on the Pacific region idea (pp. 53-72). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Dawson, C. (2007). A Practical Guide to Research Methods. Oxford: How To Content.

Dent, C. M. (1998). South Korea's Foreign Economic Policy: New Parameters and Pressures Examined. Global Economic Review, 27(2), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265089808449732

Department of State of the US. (2020, November 13). The United States of America and The Republic of Korea on Working Together to Promote Cooperation between the Indo-Pacific Strategy and the New Southern Policy. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-of-america-and-the-republic-of-korea-on-working-together-to-promote-cooperation-between-the-indo-pacific-strategy-and-the-new-southern-policy

Emmott, B. (2010, April 1). South Korea: Finding its place on the world stage. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/asia-pacific/south-korea-finding-its-place-on-the-world-stage#

Ferrier, K. (2020, July 2). Why South Korea Should Be Key to a Revised US Indo-Pacific Approach. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/why-south-korea-should-be-key-to-a-revised-us-indo-pacific-approach/

Haushofer, K. E., Tambs, L. A., & Brehm., E. J. (2002). An English translation and analysis of Major General Karl Ernst Haushofer's Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean: Studies on the relationship between Geography and History. New York: Edwin Mellen Press.

Hosoya, Y. (2019). FOIP 2.0: The Evolution of Japan’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy. Asia-Pacific Review, 26(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2019.1622868

ICEF. (2014, January 23). High performance, high pressure in South Korea’s education system. Retrieved from https://monitor.icef.com/2014/01/high-performance-high-pressure-in-south-koreas-education-system/

Iuppa, G. (2020, April 22). The Free and Open Indo-Pacific: South Korea's Strategic Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.eias.org/news/the-free-and-open-indo-pacific-south-koreas-strategic-challenges/

Jung, S. C., Lee, J., & Lee, J.-Y. (2020). The Indo-Pacific Strategy and US Alliance Network Expandability: Asian Middle Powers’ Positions on Sino-US Geostrategic Competition in Indo-Pacific Region. Journal of Contemporary China, 30(127), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2020.1766909

Katagiri, N. (2019). Shinzo Abe's Indo-Pacific Strategy: Japan's recent achievement and future direction. Asian Security, 16(2), 2-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2019.1607304

Kennedy, P. (2010, August 27). Why South Korea Isn't Asia's Switzerland. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/28/opinion/28iht-edkennedy.html

Kim, J. (2018, April 27). South Korea’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific Dilemma. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2018/05/south-koreas-free-and-open-indo-pacific-dilemma/

Kim, N. (2010, December 24). Young Koreans head to military amid tensions. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/12/23/south.korea.military.conscription/index.html

Koo, J., & Kiser, S. L. (2001). Recovery from a financial crisis: the case of South Korea. Economic & Financial Review, 4, 1-15. https://www.dallasfed.org/~/media/documents/research/efr/2001/efr0104c.pdf

Koo, M. G. (2020). The Hegemonic Competition in the Indo–Pacific Region and the Making of South Korea as a Middle Sea Power. The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 32(1), 1-17. http://doi.org/10.22883/kjda.2020.32.1.001

Kwak, S. (2020, January 7). A View from South Korea. Retrieved from http://www.theasanforum.org/a-view-from-south-korea-3/

Kwak, S. (2020, July 16). Planning the Future of Korea's New Southern Policy. Retrieved from EastWestCenter.org/ABD

Lee, J. (2020). A Need To Rethink Peace Cooperation In Korea’s New Southern Policy. Asia Pacific Bulletin, 514, 1-15. https://www.eastwestcenter.org/system/tdf/private/apb514.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=37911

Lee, S. (2020, June 2). Moon Jae-in Holds on to His Dream of North Korea Diplomacy. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/moon-jae-in-holds-on-to-his-dream-of-north-korea-diplomacy/

Lubina, M. (2015). Moving Beyond Hermit Kingdoms. Korea in Burma's Foreign Policy. Krakowskie Studia Miedzynarodowe, 3, 161-175. http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.mhp-ed8cb1bc-2426-411d-97c9-1cf001bb0611

Maggio, L. A., Sewell, J. L., & Artino Jr., A. R. (2016). The Literature Review: A Foundation for High Quality Medical Education Research. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 8(3), 297-303. https://doi.org/10.4300%2FJGME-D-16-00175.1

Ministry of Unification of Republic of Korea. (2020, November 24). Four Strategies. Retrieved from https://www.unikorea.go.kr/eng_unikorea/policylssues/koreanpeninsula/strategies/

Mohan, C. R. (2012). Samudra Manthan: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Nagy, S. R. (2020). Middle Power alignment in the Indo-Pacific: Securing agency through Neo-middle Power Diplomacy. 2019 U.S. Naval War College and East Asia Security Centre Conference, 1, 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3867254

Nassaji, H. (2015). Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis. Language Teaching Research, 19(2), 129-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815572747

National Geographic. (2020, November 24). South Korea. Retrieved from https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/south-korea/

Neuman, W. L. (2007). Basics of Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson.

Pajtinka, E. (2016). Economic Diplomacy and the Role of Diplomatic Missions Nowadays. Gazdasag & Tarsadalom Journal Economic & Society, 8(1), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.21637/GT.2016.1.03.

Pan, C. (2014). The ‘Indo-Pacific’ and geopolitical anxieties about China's rise in the Asian regional order. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(4), 453-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2014.884054

Pardo, R. P. (2019, August 19). South Korea holds the key to the Indo-Pacific. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/opinion/international/457542-south-korea-holds-the-key-to-the-indo-pacific

Park, C. H. (2019, January 9). South Korea is a hesitant, but friendly, US ally in the Indo-Pacific. Retrieved from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/south-korea-is-a-hesitant-but-friendly-us-ally-in-the-indo-pacific/

Paterson, D., & Choi, J. (2017). Diplomacy, trade, and South Korea’s rise to international influence. International Area Studies Review, 21(1), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865917740726

Revere, E. J. (2016, July 13). The U.S.-ROK alliance: Projecting U.S. power and preserving stability in Northeast Asia. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-u-s-rok-alliance-projecting-u-s-power-and-preserving-stability-in-northeast-asia/

Rhyu, S.-Y. (2018, September 1). Moon Jae-in and the Politics of Reform in South Korea. Retrieved from https://www.globalasia.org/v13no3/cover/moon-jae-in-and-the-politics-of-reform-in-south-korea_sang-young-rhyu

Rinna, A. V. (2020). Russia–South Korea Relations and the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy. Asia Policy, 15(4), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2020.0061

Robertson, J. (2020, November 20). Coming soon: A Neutral South Korea? Retrieved from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/coming-soon-neutral-south-korea

Rossiter, A. (2018). The “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” Strategy and Japan’s Emerging Security Posture. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-%E2%80%9CFree-and-Open-Indo-Pacific%E2%80%9D-Strategy-and-Rossiter/2c33c99fc4959d911ed55018d67fe85f227ef059

Rustandi, C. (2020, June 23). Hyundai and LG Considering Car Battery Production in Indonesia. Retrieved from https://go.kompas.com/read/2020/06/23/181500574/hyundai-and-lg-considering-car-battery-production-in-indonesia?page=all

Santacreu, A. M. (2018, March 20). How Did South Korea’s Economy Develop So Quickly? Retrieved from https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2018/march/how-south-korea-economy-develop quickly#:~:text=Innovation%20and%20technology%20are%20the,rise%20over%20the%20past%20decades.

Scott, D. (2018). The Indo-Pacific in US Strategy: Responding to Power Shift. Rising Powers Quarterly, 19-43. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Indo-Pacific-in-US-Strategy%3A-Responding-to-Scott/6f44ae86c217cd881821955efadbe6e001fa2ff1#citing-papers

Soeya, Y. (2020). Middle-Power Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Era. Issues & Studies: A Social Science Quarterly on China, Taiwan, 56(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1013251120400093

Sohn, Y. (2016, March 2). South Korea’s Drive for Middle-Power Influence. Retrieved from https://www.globalasia.org/v11no1/cover/south-koreas-drive-for-middle-power-influence_yul-sohn

Swielande, T. S. (2019). Middle Powers in the Indo-Pacific: Potential Pacifiers Guaranteeing Stability in the Indo-Pacific? Asian Politics & Policy, 190-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12457

Taylor, B. (2018). The Four Flashpoints: How Asia Goes to War. Carlton: La Trobe University Press.

Teo, S. (2020, October 9). What the Quad Meeting Means for ASEAN. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/what-the-quad-meeting-means-for-asean/

Wei, L. (2020). Developmental peace in east Asia and its implications for the Indo-Pacific. International Affairs, 96(1), 189-209. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz230

Wilson, J. D. (2017). Investing in the economic architecture of the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Insight, 8, 1-15. https://perthusasia.edu.au/getattachment/be3d8ec4-50f2-4e4d-8c4b-46943500f726/PU-27-IPIS-8-WEB-170817.pdf.aspx?lang=en-AU

Yeo, A. (2020, June 20). South Korea and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis/south-korea-and-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Darynaufal Mulyaman, William Sulistyo Wibowo

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

favicon Department of International Relations | Faculty of Social and Political Sciences | Universitas Pelita Harapan | Indonesia | verity@uph.edu