ANALISIS EKSPOR DAN IMPOR LIMBAH PADAT ANTARA CINA DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT: OPERATION GREEN FENCE (2013) DAN OPERATION NATIONAL SWORD (2018) [ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS BETWEEN CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES: OPERATION GREEN FENCE (2013) AND OPERATION NATIONAL SWORD (2019)]
Abstract
China is a country that is famous for its rapid economic growth which was influenced by the purchase of solid waste from neighboring countries. The act of purchasing solid waste from neighboring countries was conducted in order to support industrial and manufacturing activities in the country. However, over the years the purchase of solid waste has caused many losses to Chinese countries. China then enforces the Operation Green Fence (OGF) and Operation National Sword (ONS) policies. In that case, this study was done to answer any factor that caused China to enforce both policies, as well as the economic impact that resulted from the policy. The study uses qualitative approaches, case study methods, and literature study techniques to analyze the data obtained. The results of this research shows that environmental factors are the main factors that bring out other factors such as health, as well as domestic and foreign pressures. The impacts resulted from both policies also affects the economy not only between China and the United States of America, but also internationally. The number of demand and supply of solid waste around the world, particulatly in China and United States is affected, as the policy imposed is a policy to restrict the import of solid waste done by China.
BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Cina adalah negara yang terkenal dengan pertumbuhan ekonominya yang pesat, yang dipengaruhi oleh pembelian limbah padat dari negara tetangga. Tindakan pembelian limbah padat dari negara tetangga dilakukan dalam rangka mendukung kegiatan industri dan manufaktur di negeri ini. Namun, selama bertahun-tahun pembelian limbah padat telah menyebabkan banyak kerugian bagi negara-negara Cina. Cina kemudian memberlakukan kebijakan Operation Green Fence (OGF) dan Operation National Sword (ONS). Dalam hal ini, penulisan artikel ini dilakukan untuk menjawab faktor apa yang menyebabkan Cina memberlakukan kedua kebijakan tersebut, serta dampak ekonomi yang dihasilkan dari kebijakan ini. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, metode studi kasus, dan teknik studi literature untuk menganalisis data yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor lingkungan adalah faktor utama yang membawa keliar faktor lain seperti kesehatan, serta adanya tekanan dari dalam maupun dari luar negeri. Dampak yang dihasilkan dari kedua kebijakan ini mempengaruhi perekonomian yang tidak hanya di antara Cina ataupun Amerika Serikat, tetapi juga internasional. Jumlah permintaan dan penawaran atas limbah padat di seluruh dunia, khususnya di Cina dan Amerika Serikat terpengaruh, mengingat kebijakan yang diberlakukan adalah kebijakan untuk membatasi impor limbah padat yang dilakukan oleh Cina.
Keywords
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v11i22.2460
References
Albert, E., & Xu, B. (2016, January 18). China’s environmental crisis. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-environmental-crisis
Basel Convention. (N.d.). Basel convention controlling transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. Basel Convention Online. Retrieved from http://www.basel.int/Implementation/LegalMatters/TradeandEnvironment/CaseLaw/tabid/3511/Default.aspx
Carpenter, M. (2018, August 8). Recycling industry statement on China’s announcement of tariffs on all scrap imports. Globe News Wire Online. Retrieved from https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/08/08/1549149/0/en/Recycling-Industry-Statement-on-China-s-Announcement-of-Tariffs-on-All-Scrap-Imports.html
Christou, L. (2018, April 18). The Yangtze deposits 55% of all river marine plastic pollution-but China is finally taking action. Verdict Online. Retrieved from https://www.verdict.co.uk/yangtze-river-plastic-pollution/
Drezner, D. W. (2000). Bargaining, enforcement, and multilateral sanctions: When is cooperation counterproductive? International Organization, 54(1), 73-102. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551127
Earley, K. (2013, August 27). Could China’s ‘green fence' prompt a global recycling innovation? Guardian Online. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/china-green-fence-global-recycling-innovation
Edwards, L. (2016). E-waste recycling: The dirty trade between the United States and China. Senior Theses, Pomona College. Retrieved from https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1155&context=pomona_theses
Flower, W. (2016). What operation Green Fence has meant for recycling. Retrieved from https://www.waste360.com/business/what-operation-green-fence-has-meant-recycling
Gellerman, B. (2019, March 19). How a new policy in China has led to a recycling crisis in mass. WBUR Online. Retrieved from https://www.wbur.org/earthwhile/2019/03/19/recycling-massachusetts-china-effect
Hatton, C. (2015, March 2). Under the dome: The smog film taking China by storm. BBC News Online. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-31689232
Hervey, G. (2019, September 17). Countries ratify ban on global exports of hazardous waste. Chemical Watch Online. Retrieved from https://chemicalwatch.com/82197/countries-ratify-ban-on-global-exports-of-hazardous-waste
High, V. E. (2018). Top 10 charts of 2018. Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago. Retrieved from https://epic.uchicago.edu/news/top-10-charts-of-2018/
Indonesian Foreign Ministry. (2007). Sekilas WTO (World Trade Organization), (5th ed.). Jakarta, Indonesia: Direktorat Perdagangan, Perindustrian, Investasi, dan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual, Direktorat Jenderal Multilateral, Departemen Luar Negeri.
Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries. (2019, 15 March). US scrap exports Up 13% in 2018 to $20.3 billion. ISRI. Retrieved from https://www.isri.org/news-publications/news-details/2019/03/15/u.s.-scrap-exports-up-13-in-2018-to-$20.3-billion
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. (2019). Sanksi. KBBI Online. Retrieved from https://kbbi.web.id/sanksi
Karlsen, O. T. (2019). Values of waste: A meta-ethnography of China’s informal recycling sector. Master’s Thesis, Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Language, The University of Oslo. Retrieved from https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/70119/1/Karlsen_Master_Values-of-Waste.pdf
Li, C., & Jianqing, C. (2019). The significance of restrictions on waste import in producing green development in China. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 8(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20190801.12
McCarthy, N. (2015). Air pollution Chinese and American cities in comparison (Infographic). Forbes Online. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/23/air-pollution-chinese-and-american-cities-in-comparison-infographic/#6f84ba1d2362
McCarthy, N. (2018, April 18). Air pollution contibuted to more than 6 million deaths in 2016 (Infographic). Forbes Online. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/04/18/air-pollution-contributed-to-more-than-6-million-deaths-in-2016-infographic/#39ed258813b4
McCarthy, N. (2019). The countries polluting the oceans the most. Statista Online. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/chart/12211/the-countries-polluting-the-oceans-the-most/
McDaniel, P. (2019, August 13). As California’s recycling industry struggles, companies and consumers are forced to adapt. Los Angeles Times Online. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2019-08-13/california-recycling-industry-plastics-china
Mohan, G. (2015, February 13). Millions of tons of trash dumped into world’s oceans. Los Angeles Times Online. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tons-of-plastic-trash-in-oceans-20150213-story.html
NDTV. (2017, August 9). United Nations environment programme chief urges China to do more on climate. NDTV Online. Retrieved from https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/united-nations-environment-programme-chief-urges-china-to-do-more-on-climate-1735504
Parts, C. (2019). Waste not want not: Chinese recyclable waste restrictions, their global impact, and potential U.S. responses. Chicago Journal of International Law, 20(1), Art. 8. Retrieved from https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol20/iss1/8
Purwaningrum, A. (2018, June 23). Gawat China lakukan hal ini, bumi akan dibanjiri 111 juta ton sampah pada 2030 mendatang. Bangka Pos Online. Retrieved from http://bangka.tribunnews.com/amp/2018/06/23/gawat-china-lakukan-hal-ini-bumi-akan-dibanjiri-111-juta-ton-sampah-pada-2030-mendatang
Resource Recycling. (2018). From Green Fence to red alert: A China timeline. Resource Recycling Online. Retrieved from https://resource-recycling.com/recycling/2018/02/13/green-fence-red-alert-china-timeline/
Richter, F. (2019, March 1). China won’t accept U.S. plastic waste. Now what?. Statista Online. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/chart/17220/plastic-waste-united-states/
Rinkesh. (2020). What is waste management? Conserve Energy Future Online. Retrieved from https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/waste-management-and-waste-disposal-methods.php
Sanubari, D. R. (2019). Respon Amerika Serikat terhadap kebijakan larangan impor sampah daur ulang Tiongkok. Skripsi, Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Airlangga. Retrieved from http://repository.unair.ac.id/87586/5/JURNAL%20SKRIPSI_DIMAS%20RAHMAD%20SANUBARI_0711233043.pdf
Sebayang, R. (2018, April 17). China berhenti jadi penampung sampah, dunia kebingungan. CNBC Indonesia Online. Retrieved from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20180417142645-4-11310/china-berhenti-jadi-penampung-sampah-dunia-kebingungan
Schulz, Y. (2019). Plastic China: Beyond waste imports. Made in China Yearbook. https://doi.org/10.22459/MIC.04.2019.48
Septiasputri, M. D. (2019, November 5). Di KTT ASEAN, Jokowi tolak pengiriman limbah B3. Radio Republik Indonesia Online. Retrieved from http://rri.co.id/post/berita/742916/internasional/di_ktt_asean_jokowi_tolak_pengiriman_limbah_b3.html
Smeets, M. (2018, March 15). Can economic sanctions be effective?. Economic Research and Statistics Division World Trade Organizations Online. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201803_e.pdf
Soil Science Society of America. (2020). Soil contaminants. Soil Science Society of America Online. Retrieved from https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants
Straits Times. (2018, January 21). China’s waste import ban upends global recycling industry. Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinas-waste-import-ban-upends-global-recycling-industry
Sun, N., & Phoonphongphiphat, A. (2018, June 26). China’s scrap plastic ban saddles neighbors with piles of problems. Nikkei Asian Review Online. Retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/China-s-scrap-plastic-ban-saddles-neighbors-with-piles-of-problems
Takahashi, G. (2016). Damage and heavy metal pollution in China’s farmland: Reality and solutions. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 5(1), 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/24761028.2016.11869089
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (N.d.). Report on the environment: Municipal solid waste. UNEP. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/roe/
Velis, C. (2014). International solid waste association. Global Recycling Markets: Plastic Waste, 41.
Viotti, P. R., & Kauppi, M. V. (2012). International relations theory, (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Longman. Retrieved from https://hostnezt.com/cssfiles/internationalrelations/International%20Relations%20Theory%20(5th%20Edition)%20Paul%20R.%20Viotti,%20Mark%20V.%20Kauppi.pdf
Wong, E. (2018, July 19). China is a climate leader but still isn’t doing enough on emissions. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/world/asia/china-climate-change-report.html
World Bank. (2016, February 29). China: Keeping the water and environment clean in the Qiantang River Basin. World Bank Online. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/02/29/china-keeping-water-and-environment-clean-in-qiangtang-river-basin
World Health Organization. (2018, May 2). Air pollution. WHO Online. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health
Xinhua. (2018, March 26). China defends foreign waste import ban. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201803/26/WS5ab8f8bba3105cdcf6514617.html
Xinhua. (2013, May 24). President Xi pledges not to sacrifice environment. China Daily USA Online. Retrieved from http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-05/24/content_16530257.htm
Yang, H., Ma, M., Thompson, J. R., & Flower, R. J. (2018). Waste management, informal recycling, environmental pollution and public health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health72(3), 237-243. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech2016208597
Yang, W. (2008). Regulating electrical and electronic wastes in China. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 17(3), 335-344. ttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2008.00608.x
Xia, Y. (2019). China’s environmental campaign: How China’s “war in pollution” is transforming the international trade in waste. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 51, 1101-1178. Retrieved from http://nyujilp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/NYI402.pdf
Zhou, M., et. al. (2019) Mortality, mobidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. The Lancet, 394, 1145-1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(19)30427-1
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Meilisa Setyani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Department of International Relations | Faculty of Social and Political Sciences | Universitas Pelita Harapan | Indonesia | verity@uph.edu